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Spitzer, M.D. Columbia University   Sexual orientation: sustained sexual attraction sexual fantasy desire for a special emotionally intimate relationship sexual behavior with excitement Multidimensional On a continuum h!dd%d$ %$Mental Health Professional ConsensuskHomosexual behavior can be resisted, renounced, or relabeled Homosexual orientation can never be changed FlP 6   Study the self-reported experiences of individuals who claim to have achieved a change from homosexual to heterosexual attraction that has lasted at least five yearsn  Study Questions0Can one find a substantial number of such individuals? If yes, how often is such change accompanied by changes in other homosexual indicators? Are there gender differences? .d0d2d Telephone Interview  Revised interview during pilot study (N=40)  What kind of help did you receive?  What were you like before (change effort)?  How are you different now?  What aspects of your homosexuality remain? BF,FP,Key Homosexual IndicatorsSexual attraction Lustful thoughts Same sex fantasies during masturbation Same sex fantasies during heterosexual sex Yearning for romantic emotional intimacy Homosexual behavior with excitementP Entry criteriaA Predominantly homosexual attraction (at least 60, 0-100 scale) prior to a specific effort to change attraction to heterosexual Goal of functioning heterosexually After change effort, some change in sexual attraction (at least 10, on 0-100 subjective self report scale) beginning at least five years prior to interview<PP0PA   % !Most Helpful or Only Type of Help& Sample Description ' (Reasons for Wanting to Change) Time Line*rSame Sex Attraction  Often or  Very often as a Teenager+rOpposite Sex Attraction  Never or  Rarely as a Teenager,:Number of Individuals with Whom Subject had Homosexual Sex-%Never Had Consensual Heterosexual Sex.5Assessment of Change in Sexual Orientation IndicatorsGBEFORE: 12 months before change effort AFTER: past 12 months 6HP"/?Sexual Attraction Scale Mean (100 = same sex, 0 = opposite sex)0=Exclusively Homosexual BEFORE Exclusively Heterosexual AFTER1oLooking with Lust at [same sex] or Daydreaming about Having Sex with a [same sex], At Least a Few Times a Month2YYearning for Romantic Emotional Involvement with Same Sex, At Least a Few Times a Month, 3XSame Sex Masturbatory Fantasies on 20% or More of Occasions, Among Those Who MasturbatedFmOpposite Sex Masturbatory Fantasies (Without Trying) on 20% or More of Occasions, Among Those Who MasturbatedG/AFTER: No or Only Minimal Homosexual IndicatorsAttraction Lustful thoughts Yearning for romantic emotional intimacy Masturbatory fantasies Same sex thoughts during heterosexual sex Gay pornography Homosexual behavior Bothered by homosexual feelingsPH1AFTER: Good Heterosexual Functioning Total Sample Last year in a loving heterosexual relationship Satisfaction from emotional relationship at least 7+ (1-10 scale) Heterosexual sex at least monthly Physical satisfaction from sex at least 7+ (1-10 scale) Never or rarely (<20%) think of same sex during heterosexual sex P OoAFTER: Good Heterosexual Functioning in 33 Males Who Before Change Effort Were Extreme on Homosexual Indicators*p0?  No teenage opposite sex attraction Never had heterosexual sex Before: no heterosexual masturbatory fantasies Before: attraction 95+ (homosexual)PPYThree Variables in the 56 Subjects Having Regular Heterosexual Sex Both BEFORE and AFTERQ ` Markedly or  Extremely Bothered by DepressionR!JChange effort was  Very Helpful in& &&S"JThe big question: Are these reports self deception or gross exaggerations?RNo way to be certain, however& Complexity and range of change reported Ability to provide detailed descriptions Gradual nature of change Gender differences :PPPT#@Also& Reported Change StrategiesNarratives linking childhood or family experiences to condition Building on an intense emotional relationship to effect change in sexual feelings Group or individual support Thought stopping Avoiding situations that triggered feelings .PPPU$$What we conclude& 5Some highly motivated individuals through a variety of change efforts can make substantial changes in multiple indicators of sexual orientation and achieve good heterosexual function Subjects who made less substantial changes still believed that such changes were extremely beneficial Complete change uncommon6P6V%  Difficulty finding subjects suggests& Those rejected from study indicate that many who claim to have changed sexual orientation, have only changed identity and or behavior For these individuals, such limited change was experienced as substantial improvement &XXW& A better way to conceptualize "sexual reorientation" is to see it as diminishing of unwanted homosexuality and an increase in heterosexual potential--recognizing that change for some is possible along a multidimensional continuumdX'Misuse of Study ResultsOTo assume that it shows that homosexual orientation is changeable for most highly motivated individuals To dismiss the value to some conflicted homosexuals of a shift in sexual identity and unwanted sexual behavior, even when sexual orientation is not substantially changed To justify coercive treatment and the denial of civil rights 4OPPF/`   456789:;<=>?@ABIJK Y!Z"[#\$]%^&_'`(a)b*  ` ̙33` 3` 3333f` 999MMM` f` f3` 3>?" dZ@$?" dZ@   " @ ` "  n?" dZ(@  @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> +#(     `Lgֳgֳ ?"``  X*   `Fgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*   `Fgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*  Zgֳgֳ ?"(  ? 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O'P(3e  E=|(  |t @0  | #"&+@0  | Z r1?Y  0  O25%n  @` | Zr1?@ Y  OOthern  @` | Zr1?Y t0 O43%n  @` | ZDr1?@tY  tExGay Ministriesn   @` | Z0Br1?Y 0  j 9%n  @` | ZRr1?@Y   ZFormer therapistn  @`  | Z(q1?Y 0 O23%n  @`  | Zxq1?@Y  ONARTHn  @`  | Zq1?Y 0t Vn   @`  | Zq1?@Y t |Referral Source :nn$  @`xB  | Ho ?@Y xB | H1 ?@ 0 xB | Ho ?Y 0xB | H1 ?@t@ xB | H1 ?0t0 B | Zg0eg0e1 ?"@t0txB | Ho ?@@tB | Tg0eg0e1 ?"Y tY xB | Ho ?00tB | Tg0eg0e1 ?"@0B | Tg0eg0e1 ?"@0B | Tg0eg0e1 ?"@ 0 H | 0޽h ? O'P(3e   h `  (    r   #"pr ,$D0  Zq1?`   S19%x2  @`  ZHq1?`:  S34%x2  @`  Z4q1?`r: S47%x2  @`    `5q1? `  t(Other (mentoring, books, spiritual work))`2)  @`  Zhq1?:`  ExGay/ religious support group `2   @`  Zq1?r`: hMental health professionalpn2   @`rB   B1 ?r`rxB   H1 ?  xB   H1 ?r B   Ngֳgֳ1 ?"`r` B   Ngֳgֳ1 ?"::B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"  xB  H1 ?r xB  H1 ?`rr  s qgֳgֳ ? (  q H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  A9(  t >   #"&f>   Zqgֳgֳ ?" >  M76%  @`  Zqgֳgֳ ?" >  YCompleted college  @`  Zqgֳgֳ ?"   M95%  @`  ZXEqgֳgֳ ?"  Q Caucasian    @`  ZDGqgֳgֳ ?" <  M20%  @`  ZNqgֳgֳ ?"<  ]Married before change  @`   ZX]qgֳgֳ ?"< SF=47%  @`   Z8hqgֳgֳ ?" < SM=76%  @`   Zpeqgֳgֳ ?" < YCurrently married  @`   ZDngֳgֳ ?"  L43  @`   Zngֳgֳ ?"  R Age (mean)    @`B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?" B  Tgֳgֳ1 ?"> > B  Tgֳgֳ1 ?"> B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"<<B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"  B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"  B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"  > B  Tgֳgֳ1 ?"> B  Tgֳgֳ1 ?" B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"<  s ngֳgֳ ?  n H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  8(  | `  #"."RRqb`  Zjgֳgֳ ?"P s  M78%  @`  Zpgֳgֳ ?"s P  y1Had publicly spoken in favor of efforts to change22  @`  Zxgֳgֳ ?"P  s  M93%  @`8  Z̀gֳgֳ ?" P s  PReligion  extremely or  very important ))  @`  Z,gֳgֳ ?"P   L3%  @`  Zgֳgֳ ?"P   Q Jewish    @`   Z|gֳgֳ ?"P R L7%  @`   Z$gֳgֳ ?"RP  Q Mormon    @`   Zxgֳgֳ ?"P R L8%  @`   Zpgֳgֳ ?"P R S Catholic    @`   Zgֳgֳ ?"P  M81%  @`  Zpgֳgֳ ?"P  U Protestant  @`  Zgֳgֳ ?"P ` R   @`  Zhgֳgֳ ?"`P  PReligion    @`B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"`P `B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"RRB  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"P `P B  Ngֳgֳ1?"`B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"`B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"  B  Ngֳgֳ1?"P ``B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"B  N1 ?"s s H  0޽h ? O'P(3e   A 9  (   l j   #"j   Hh ?"s  O81%(  @`  Hh ?"js  s)Gay life-style not emotionally satisfying* *  @`  Hh ?"|  Y Female35% (   @`  Hh ?"s |  XMale 67% (   @`  Hh ?"j|s  gDesire to get or stay married   @`  Hh ?"s | O79%(  @`   H(h ?"js | \Religious conflict   @`B   Ngֳgֳ1 ?"jB   Ngֳgֳ1 ?"j||B   Ngֳgֳ1 ?"j  B   Ngֳgֳ1 ?"s s B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?" B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"jj B  Ngֳgֳ1 ?"| B  N1 ?"j  s hgֳgֳ ?(  h H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  ;3@(  x  c $DFC(  h t   #"&Peeee   fTOCg0eg0e ?"f  N35n  @`    f0WCg0eg0e ?" f t*End of change effort (for 78% of subjects)+n+  @`   fDRCg0eg0e ?"f   N32n  @`   f`Cg0eg0e ?" f  h Begin to feel different sexually!!  @`   fnCg0eg0e ?"fJ  N30n  @`     fpCg0eg0e ?"Jf  ]Begin change effortn  @`    fPyCg0eg0e ?"fJ N12n  @`    fCg0eg0e ?"fJ cOnset of same sex arousaln  @`    fCg0eg0e ?"f OAgen  @`    fCg0eg0e ?"f Tn   @`B  Tg0eg0e1?"fB  Tg0eg0e1 ?"B  Tg0eg0e1 ?"B  Tg0eg0e1?"B  Tg0eg0e1 ?"ffJB  Tg0eg0e1 ?"B  Tg0eg0e1 ?"  B  Tg0eg0e1 ?"fB  Tg0eg0e1 ?"fJJB  Zg0eg0e1 ?"JfJB  Tg0eg0e1 ?"B  Tg0eg0e1 ?"f fB  Zg0eg0e1 ?"fJf B  Tg0eg0e1 ?"f  B  Zg0eg0e1 ?" f H  0޽h ? O'P(3eI  `(   0 HA ?p{  C  s lCgֳgֳ ?(  C   <C ?";b U Male Female">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3eE  (   0 HA ?o  C  s PCgֳgֳ ?(  C   <C ?"b QMales Females">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e   L(  x  c $C  C  0 HA ?j  CH  0޽h ? O'P(3e  \T(  x  c $`C  C  0 HA ?d  C   `p۸g0eg0e ?"P $ A53%">0F2   `Јg0eg0e ?"t   A33%">0F2  <| ?"R4 PMale Female">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  0(  x  c $CGe  C x  c $pC0   C H  0޽h ? O'P(3e8  x(  x  c $(u  u  0 HA ?rH $D 0 uH  0޽h ? O'P(3e   X(  x  c $Tn  n  0 HA ?r  n  <Vn ?"n A42%">0F2  <Yn ?"S a A46%">0F2  <]n ?"4   A17%">0F2  <Ln ?"/F A55%">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  @W(  x  c $$kn  n  0 HA ?\  n  < mn ?"Z A99%">0F2  <Hpn ?" ]  A88%">0F2  <|sn ?" b u  A32%">0F2  <vn ?"97 @5%">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  `V(  x  c $Hn  n  0 HA ?\  n  < n ?"  A78%">0F2  <n ?"  A81%">0F2  <0n ?"  @8%">0F2  <xn ?":y? @4%">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  _W(  x  c $,nW '  n  0 HA  ?-B  n   `ng0eg0e ?"gXh | G 94% 92%" >0F2    `lng0eg0e ?"D d  F 46% " >0F2    `ng0eg0e ?") aR  B 18%">0F2  <n ?"*S `N=138 N=50 N=112 N=39&>0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e   ;(  x  c $pnP  n  0 HA  ?+T  n   `ng0eg0e ?"X  L N=112 N=39& >0F2    `png0eg0e ?"  L N=138 N=50& >0F2   <n ?" i  @9%">0F2  <n ?"$ _j  A26%">0F2  <n ?"  A69%">0F2  <n ?"  A72%">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e  E= (  x  c $n(  n x  c $lnp(  n  0 HA  ?p   n+   ` ng0eg0e ?"   No or Only Mimimal">0F2,    <ln ?" " @No">0F2  <|n ?" }(  C11%$>0F2  <n ?"9C  C37%$>0F2   <n ?" L  C29%$>0F2   <\n ?"OZ C63%$>0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e7    w(   x   c $ j(  j x   c $ j P j   0 HA  ?p q  j    `Djg0eg0e ?"0 A66%">0F2   <j ?"{0  B44% ">0F2H   0޽h ? O'P(3e ! QI(    c $1j,b<$ 0  j x  c $TDj  j  0 HA ? b*  j   `@Fjg0eg0e ?";oP C67% ">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e:  "    z (   0 HA ?@K   j  s djgֳgֳ ?0  j    `njg0eg0e ?"G {[  r4Satisfying emotional relationship (7+ on 1-10 scale)"5>0F25    `|jjg0eg0e ?"1 | k-Sex physically satisfying (7+ on 1-10 scale)".>0F2.   `0:jg0eg0e ?"  g)Often (20+% during sex think of same sex)"*>0F2*  <rj ?"1 &  A25%">0F2  <|Jj ?"# E A98%">0F2   <\[j ?"  A43%">0F2   <4~j ?"O E B100%">0F2   <j ?" A52%">0F2   <j ?"O Q&  @6%">0F2H  0޽h ? O'P(3e\ #  @$(  $x $ c $@j  j  $0 HA ?r  j $ <,j ?"QHE A43%">0F2 $ <j ?" Q  A47%">0F2 $ <j ?"  I  H 1% 4%" >0F2 H $ 0޽h ? O'P(3e  $ | t ` , (  ,x , c $Xjp  j Th 0  , #"TT0  , Zjgֳgֳ ?"`b0  M93%  @`B , Zdjgֳgֳ ?"b`  Z& developing nonsexual relations with same sex..  @` , Zjgֳgֳ ?"`0b M87%  @`0 , Zjgֳgֳ ?"`b H & feeling more [masculine, feminine]%%  @`B , Ngֳgֳ1 ?"0B  , Ngֳgֳ1 ?"b0bB  , Ngֳgֳ1 ?" 0 B  , Ngֳgֳ1 ?"00 B  , Ngֳgֳ1 ?" B  , Ngֳgֳ1 ?"`` H , 0޽h ? O'P(3e % 4\(  4x 4 c $jr(B  j  4 c $hj0 <$0 j H 4 0޽h ? O'P(3e & <\(  <x < c $l`  l  < c $lp@<$0 l H < 0޽h ? O'P(3e ' D\(  Dx D c $>l(  l  D c $?l0<$0 l H D 0޽h ? O'P(3e ( ^VL(  L L c $,Ylqv<$0 l  0gH L 0޽h ? O'P(3ep )  T(  Tx T c $eloL l H T 0޽h ? O'P(3e *  \\(  \x \ c $ol(  l  \ c $plC<$0 l H \ 0޽h ? O'P(3e0 Pg(  ^ S    t c $ t @  t ]- This is a more accurate title for my talk. ..H  0޽h ? a(0 pa(  ^ S     c $t @   W'Sexual orientation refers to a sustained sexual attraction, sexual fantasy, desire for a romantic, emotionally intimate relationship and sexual behavior with excitement, directed primarily to the same or opposite sex. Sexual orientation is multidimensional and each component is on a continuum.((H  0޽h ? a(0 D< (   ^  S    6  c $t @   There is a professional consensus that homosexual behavior can be resisted, renounced or relabeled. However, homosexual orientation can never be changed.H  0޽h ? a(C0 ((  (^ (S    t (c $t @  t YI certainly shared this viewpoint, so how did Bob Spitzer, who played a central role in eliminating homosexuality as a mental disorder from DSM-II in 1973, come to have doubts about this consensus? The answer is that at the 1999 APA annual meeting in Washington I talked to several people who were picketing the meeting and claiming that, contrary to a recent APA position statement, change of sexual orientation was possible and should not be discouraged and that they, personally had changed from homosexual to heterosexual. I started to wonder, could it be that some homosexuals could actually change their sexual orientation? After much thought, and realizing that previous studies claiming that such change was possible had all kinds of methodological flaws, I concluded that my curiosity would only be satisfied if I conducted a study of my own.ZZH ( 0޽h ? a(0 OG0(  0^ 0S    A 0c $ t @   The basic idea is simple. Study the self-reported experiences of individuals who claim to have achieved a change from homosexual to heterosexual attraction that has lasted at least five years.H 0 0޽h ? a(0 x8(  8^ 8S    tr 8c $Kt @  t The basic study questions would be& Can one find a substantial number of such individuals? If yes, how often is such change accompanied by changes in other homosexual indicators? Are there gender differences? D$d0d2dH 8 0޽h ? a(0 @h(  @^ @S     @c $Pt @   ^.With the help of Dr. Richard C. Friedman, I developed a structured telephone interview so that it would be absolutely clear to others how we assessed our subjects. We were surprised to realize that previous sexual orientation questionnaires and measures were quite inadequate in that they usually focused on a single variable of sexual attraction or identity, so that we had to largely develop our own questions and response categories. We kept revising the interview schedule during a pilot study of 40 individuals who had been referred to us as potential subjects. During this developmental phase we asked questions such as:  What kind of help did you receive?  What were you like before (change effort)?  How are you different now?  What aspects of your homosexuality remain? H @ 0޽h ? a(0 ~v0H(  H^ HS    tp Hc $st @  t  We developed specific questions for these key homosexual indicators. Sexual attraction during a one year period on a subjective scale that goes from 100 (exclusively homosexual) to 0 (exclusively heterosexual). The subject picks any number from 100 to 0. Lustful thoughts or daydreaming about having sex with the same sex  from never, a few times a year, a few times a month, a few times and week and every day in a one year period. Same sex fantasies during masturbation  the percent of occasions of masturbating Same sex fantasies during heterosexual sex  the percent of occasions of sex. Yearning for romantic emotional intimacy  again, from never to nearly every day. Homosexual behavior with excitement.$EH H 0޽h ? a(0 VNPP(  P^ PS    tH Pc $_r @  t The final study interview, which I personally administered to all subjects, took about 45 minutes. I entered data directly into a Data Entry SPSS program as the interview progressed. There are 112 closed ended questions with fixed response categories, and 9 open ended questions in which I directly entered the subject s answer. Audio recordings of about a third of the subjects can be reviewed by other researchers and the entire study data set is also available. H P 0޽h ? a(N  0   pp(  p^ pS     pc $Ar @   J When we attempted to recruit possible subjects we merely asked for individuals who had sustained some change in homosexual orientation for at least five years. However, the actual entry criteria were more restrictive. To be accepted into the study it was necessary for the subject in the interview to report: Predominantly homosexual attraction& We use the phrase  change effort rather than therapy, since some of the changes involved specific efforts, such as involvement in a mentoring relationship with a heterosexual, that the subjects usually did not regard as therapy. The individual had to have the goal of functioning heterosexually. It was also necessary, that after the change effort, there be a change of at least 10 points on our sexual attraction scale. 10 points is an arbitrary minimal change but at least reflects the subject s assessment that there has been some change in the object of sexual attraction. H p 0޽h ? a( 0 RJx(  x^ xS    tD xc $Br @  t  In order to obtain 200 study subjects, which turned out to be 143 men and 57 women, we interviewed 274 potential subjects that we found, with great difficulty over a period of 16 months. 74 subjects were excluded, most commonly because there was a change in behavior and self-identity, but no change in sexual attraction, or the individual was not predominantly homosexual, or the change was less than 5 years duration. H x 0޽h ? a( 0 RJ(  ^ S    rD c $q @  r | Our 200 subjects were primarily recruited from ExGay religious ministries that offer a variety of programs to help homosexuals who want to overcome their homosexual feelings. And from NARTH, the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality, a group of mental health clinicians and lay people who by and large regard homosexuality as a treatable developmental disorder. The  Other was largely other subjects, therapists who do sexual reorientation Rx , as well as responses to notices of the study on the radio and in newspaper advertisements. The referral source, by various means, got in contact with potential subjects who then called my office to arrange for an interview. $/H  0޽h ? a( 0  (  ^ S    q c $ q @  q  About 90% of subjects reported using more than one kind of change effort. The slide presents the answer to the question,  Which was most helpful? The mental health professional was most commonly a psychologist (23%),or pastoral counselor (12%). Rarely a psychiatrist (3%).  Other included repeated meeting with a heterosexual role model, often referred to as  mentoring, self help books or what some subjects called  spiritual work  meaning changing one s relationship with God.*_H  0޽h ? a( 0 IA(  ^ S    q; c $ n @  q  When results for males and females are very similar, the result for the total sample of 143 men and 57 women is shown. About three quarters of the men and half of the women were currently heterosexually married. About a fifth of the subjects were married before the change effort and often reported that homosexual behavior or attraction threatened their marriage. Most were Caucasian and had completed college.H  0޽h ? a( 0 \(  ^ S    h c $h @  h R" Most subjects were Protestant. The vast majority said religion is  extremely or  very important in their lives. Many nonreligious therapists that we sought referrals from were reluctant to get in touch with former patients. This may, in part, account for the unusually high proportion of our sample that was very religious. The great majority of subjects had publicly spoken in favor of efforts to change homosexual orientation. Indeed, the primary motivation for participating in the study for almost all subjects was their interest in providing evidence, from their own experience, that homosexuality can be changed and to offer hope to others. H  0޽h ? a(z0 :20(  ^ S    h, c $@CC @  h  Why did the subjects want to change? These were the most commonly reported answers. Gay life-style not emotionally satisfying& Usually this referred to widespread promiscuity, stormy, painful relationships, often with extreme jealousy. Religious conflict& Desire to get or be able to stay married, particularly for the men.IIH  0޽h ? a(T 0   P (  ^ S    C  c $C @  C > Here is the average time line  almost identical for men and women. There was, of course, great individual variability. The onset of sexual arousal to same sex was about 12 years. About 18 years later is the beginning of the change effort that they found helpful (often preceded by one or more change efforts that were not helpful..including, often, therapists who told them they had no choice but to accept their homosexuality). After two years into the change effort, they begin to feel different sexually. The vast majority of subjects reported this change as being gradual, and often starting with diminution of homosexual feelings and gradual emerging or intensification of heterosexual feelings. Three years later, after about five years of the change effort, it ends for 78% of the subjects. The remaining 12% report that the change effort continues up to the present time, usually referring to continuing to attend an ExGay support group or having a life-long struggle with the underlying issues that they believe caused their homosexuality.  $wH  0޽h ? a(~0 >6p(  ^ S    C0 c $C @  C  How homosexual were these subjects before the change effort? First, how often did they have same sex attraction as a teenager? We use red for males, and pink for females. To make the main points, in this slide as in many other slides, we show the extremes. Many  often or  very often had same sex attraction as teenagers. KKH  0޽h ? a(0 @(  ^ S    C c $ @  C 6 In contrast, most subjects as teenagers  never or only  rarely had any opposite sex attraction, particularly the male subjects.H  0޽h ? a(0 T(  ^ S    C c $\C @  C J How many individuals did the subject have homosexual sex before the change effort? A small proportion, even smaller for the females, had resisted homosexual impulses and never had homosexual sex. As expected, a sizable proportion of men had had sex with a large number of men.H  0޽h ? a(?0 (  ^ S    C c $C @  C U53% of the males, and 33% of the females, had never had consensual heterosexual sex.VVH  0޽h ? a(0 nf(  ^ S    C` c $u @  C  We assessed change in sexual orientation indicators by comparing the 12 months before the change effort  which we will refer to as  Before  with the past 12 months before the interview  which we will refer to as  After. H  0޽h ? a(=0 (  ^ S    n c $En @  n S The next group of slides, on various indicators, contrasts BEFORE, with AFTER. First, mean sexual attraction scores for males and females. Remember, 100 is exclusively same sex, and 0 is exclusively opposite sex, BEFORE and AFTER. Both males and females, on average, BEFORE, are in the very high homosexual range. AFTER, on average, they are in the high heterosexual range, even more so for the females. Here, as in most of the remaining slides, note that the females often BEFORE are similar or less extreme on homosexual indicators, and AFTER are always more heterosexual than the males.TTH  0޽h ?