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ZNzP`.}A+qAwJ59v@ZR bð`Ns\a OԴ#iѠa# 0d@9#ƻ23րbGPvg-ee}y(2 ޓERQEQE_v z:~QRPjh^DpvyTs.Vٓ6nohZx֦3;毭0é'Y5ؔˤ\}ʐ nǧƣRQNVhaf;_  xI>PTSƾIMvw$*d,,G3Z{?z;+[ؚ[I3#dGU,A^-k<̊%h#ld\Ǵco#`r<ֹ_jŧ s{zڣYw_uUg|qgQԬnYXc267*Rkhz4-Qdga6jĹ be.vNʑ 2I+?Jt}UixvSȫ,R,$G ㎇޸_&|?КK$1y)|}gIErWq 5;Xc &qw}܏z"|LmPYwA83נL8Z(QE_xn|qe\x) ?@~~Neծ|gk签J5yuj5f_S)+{k__..&XSY 0\'l"-aepCÒ3`V]7yZ3>c{W m>֚zg5lJ2Gm>Y{]wLne!kʿe3@Y^^HkQ[Q@t>U F<`=3Smo4K )UqRNC%qݽMqRq}O;nFqJ@5cdi4`9ltɪ:\r.6Mumn>s$}qR_YYޢ D+3ЏZE{[kxZ(-ʊbzQYiuSgcmov/]1p8tQp)ͥ\=Ķ48ltQE(C>3]S=p$#HT;ڄ=8Zꗞ2?\Hc630Qrgfio燣K %eR0ZPˑۊUk+k)uZ}m}(WnU$zִ^N!f޽}z'u=:W 9`M'YtNM 3vv ~$2_i*ܣ\ʢBw ce? Zu(4KKq'ڦ$Fltz]j-g7kz~'~ɬnpuWׇHuK_ ǧ^a A Ok@X+?!ֿ!/CB_( Ey$:%?HuKc0ZQ A O,z}_ ?!ֿ!/OkG$:%?€WCB_(ZP=>HuK_ ǧ^a A Ok@X_|Dӵ/M|FE S w5x :ߥx maƥ5M˅at\8JӇ*giӌ4XɃ9ol|xA5MRt7bO`b  eSystem (Family System)`  Mary Richmond, 1917 Families are not isolated wholes (closed systems), but exist in a particular social context, which interactively influences and is influenced by their functioning (they are open). Her approach to practice was to consider the potential effect of all interventions on every systemic level, and to understand and to use the reciprocal interaction of the systemic hierarchy for therapeutic purposes.,bb  fBoundary `  oEmotional and physical barriers that protect and enhance the integrity of individuals, subsystems, and familiesppb$ p A0The family is the context of most human problems1Z1`0  sThe structure of families includes triangles, subsystems, and boundaries. The processes that describe family interactions-emotional reactivity, dysfunctional communication, etc.-the most central is circularity. Rather than worrying about who started what, family therapists understand and treat human problems as a series of moves and countermoves, in repeating cycles.xnZ` dA` d}`bs  CFamily Systems SecretZ`  LWhat is the Family Systems Secret? Fix the Marriage Then The Family is Fixed,M#b(*b( M B5Bad Marriage is the Context of Most of Human Problems6Z6`5  Family is Bad: Father & Mother are Bad Like all human groups, the family has emergent properties  Parental Happiness determines family happiness How to be Happily Married? and How to keep Children Happy? (k nxn<(`k`f(b(f(b0  =` ` ` ` g+Marriage: Just a Piece of Paper? Discussion,Z,`+  TCohabitation: No Marriage = No divorce No commitment, no security (Maturity issue) Consumerism in Marriage Relationships:  If I don t like it, I move on (Fear-reduction based) Divorce s victims: Children (No advocate, no defense) Abandonment fear:  If mom & dad can split up, they can leave me too! (limited cognitive abilities as children) Daughters of divorce:  Boy crazy, need a dad (Intimacy) Sons of divorce:  What is the role of man in a family, none? Covenant Marriage vs. Contract Marriage Premarital Counseling & Prove Fault before divorce(,P'F7F6P(3(`,`'` `b6bb/b( b 3b + Important ResourceZ`  \Marriage Clinic John Gottman (available at the Baptist Seminary library) 616.89156 G686m c.2*]b0M` ] :"The Four Models of Family Therapy #P#b( # Structural Model (Salvador Minuchin) Intergenerational Model (Murray Bowen, Boszormonyi-Nagy, James Framo) Humanistic-Experiential Model (Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker) Strategic (Communication) Model (Jay Haley)%Pn/Z Z  P```-b`` ` ` `  _Complementary Relationship`  Relationship based on differences that fit together in which qualities of one make up for lacks in the other Therefore, in marriages, there will always be differences because each spouse is different: This is the perpetual tension that exists in a marriageHmmb$b#  `Family Homeostasis`  ITendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady stateJJb( J aGroup Dynamics`  Interactions among group members that emerge as a result of properties of the group rather than merely of their individual qualitiesb(  bIdentified Patient (IP)`  BThe symptom-bearer or official patient as identified by the familyCCb( C Videos by the Masters `  Salvador Minuchin Interview,b< b<  (Masters Series Videos Salvador Minuchin ,)Zb$b6 ) 6First-born son from an Argentinean-Jewish family Complex, closed-extended family community: Gossips Defended Jewish identity & Argentinean freedom Imprisoned for political struggle against dictatorship: Peron Studied to be a pediatrician to be a child psychologist Worked with delinquent youths multi-culturally Dated & married  Pat :  Capitalist Spent 3 months: 1st date Visited other family therapy research groups  70 s  Not a good team psychiatrist  Not sexist  Convinced Empirical observations of families: Psychosomatic families?J1bbb?bgb5bjb3bsb  hSubsystems & Boundaries`  5Families are structured in Subsystems as determined by Generation, gender, common interests and function which are demarcated by interpersonal Boundaries The invisible barriers that regulate the amount of contact with others Boundaries safeguard the separateness and autonomy of the family and its subsystem|6b fkb fGb fIb 6 $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Constructs Structure The invisible set of functional demands (rules, roles, etc.) that organize the ways in which family members interact. These form repeated transactions or patterns of how, when, and who to interact with, which underpin the system and its functioning.N ` ```  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  JSubsystems The family system differentiates and carries out its functions through subsystems, which include each individual as a subsystem, and other combinations, including generational, gender, interest, or function/role subsystems. Families typically include a marital subsystem, a parental subsystem, and a sibling subsystem.@ @ `?`` K $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  "Boundaries To ensure proper family functioning, the boundaries of subsystems must be clear. A boundary is described as the rules that define who participates and how. It functions to protect the differentiation and separateness of subsystems and facilitate transactions among subsystems. F  `c`"  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Boundaries are described on a continuum From Diffuse mܖLu (Enmeshment) Forming an enmeshed style of transactions in the system, to Rigid R▊Lu (Disengaged Boundary) Forming a disengaged style of transactions in the system)=!9)`b(f(a ` b ,= b $f(a`b,9b$N6  P  N  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Healthy Family Functioning In healthy families, there is a clear hierarchy, with parents functioning as executive subsystem with effective power, children in a sibling subsystem, less power, though this changes developmentally over time. 2``  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  1Boundaries are clear, flexible and permeable among all members, and between subsystems, meaning members can communicate with one another, can access others' time, attention and energy. Parents are aligned and function jointly, marital relationship is open internally, but clearly separate from children. 22` 2 $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Rules and roles are clearly and explicitly defined, yet with some flexibility across circumstances, and changing over time as children develop. `  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Unhealthy Family Functioning In unhealthy families, any or all of these are missing or distorted. There may be overly rigid or diffuse boundaries between persons or subsystems, reversed hierarchy with children having too much power influence, 2``  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  coalitions across subsystems, conflict within subsystems, cross-subsystem alignments, rules and roles are ambiguous or conflicting, or remain fixed as children grow older, system may be disengaged or enmeshed.`  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Therapy Goals Structural family therapy goals focus on restructuring, altering any or all of the structural components, thereby promoting changes in symptoms and symptom-maintaining behaviors of members. ( ``  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Examples of restructuring goals would be establishing an effective hierarchy, making boundaries more flexible or less diffuse, deconstructing coalitions, establishing healthy alignments, improving within subsystem communication, 0O`2bi`  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  dclarifying or establishing clear rules and roles, changing these to reflect developmental processes.ee`d  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  qAssessment Assessment is accomplished through a combination of inquiry, using circular questions as a tracking method, joining, with the therapist interacting with the family members, and observation using enactments in which the family interacts around a topic or issue. Family maps may be constructed by the therapist and/or members, depicting structural components.@ g ``gbq  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Interventions The therapy employs brief, direct, active restructuring interventions. The sequence of these may include joining, enactments, diagnosing, highlighting and modifying interactions, boundary making, unbalancing and challenging family assumptions (rules and roles). 2``  $Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)%%b$$  Others include shaping competence, emphasizing positive and effective behaviors; and reframing behaviors from negative to positive. `  w,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model6-b$b(b$,   If people are left alone, they tend to flourish! (Carl Rogers)  Self-actualization (Abraham Maslow)  Family myths Mystification: Control to achieve peace and quiet Counter-Transference: Emotional reactivity on the part of the therapist Family Sculpting: Nonverbal experiential technique; family members position themselves in settings that reveal significant aspects of perceptions and feelings Role playing: Acting out the parts of important characters to dramatize feelings to practice new ways of relatingD3bbbb   ,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model6-b$b(b$,  HUMANISTIC FAMILY THERAPY Constructs Open/Closed Family systems Satir views families as either open (functional) or closed (dysfunctional). P@O` ``P`  x,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  In closed families every individual must be very cautious about what he or she says; everyone is supposed to have the same feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and desires. Honest self-expression is impossible; differences are dangerous; members must become "dead to themselves."`  y,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  An open system permits honest self-expression, differences are viewed as natural, members can say what they feel or think and can negotiate for personal growth and reality without threatening the system. $`  z,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  Family Roles Satir identified four family roles, which represent patterned ways that individuals may behave. blamer, placator, irrelevant distracter, super-reasonable computer. VmHn ```bHb$  {,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  As roles, each of these restricts or constrains open communication, though in different ways, and thereby limit growth and functioning of the system. @Z`b$`  },Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  @Family Functioning Satir's approach is considered a "growth" model of functioning and therapy. In healthy families, the system nurtures its members, facilitating their growth and natural development, members listen and are considerate, value one another, and are open about themselves ("Anything can be talked about"). 2.`/`@  ~,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,   This promotes both the healthy self-actualization of individuals and the accomplishment of family goals and tasks. In unhealthy families, there are rules, roles and communication patterns which limit or prevent open, honest and expressive interactions among members.  `   ,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  (Therapy Goals Satir's family therapy goals focus on the identification and habilitation of "process," rather than on symptom or problem reduction. The symptom is a signal of dysfunction in the family, and "the illness goes away when the individual is either removed from the maladaptive system, 2 ``(  ,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  or the system is changed to permit healthy response and communication" (Satir, 1967). Process is more a matter of "how" than "what," and she will focus on process rather than content. `  ,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  Assessment Assessment is accomplished by Satir through the use of a "family life chronology," which is an interview process, that may span several sessions, or be interspersed across session. 2  ``  !,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  It begins with the meeting of the couple, moves to their families of origin, returns to the planning of children, and then focuses on the routine facts of a typical day. Each member is involved in the process, and discuss feelings, hopes and disappointments as well as facts. `   ,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  Diagnostically, Satir uses several tools, an analysis of the family's handling of differences; role function analysis; model analysis; communication analysis; and rule analysis. 2++`b$  ,Virginia Satir Humanistic-Experiential Model(-b$b(,  'Interventions Satir's interventions are a combination of her own responses and directives in session (encouraging the use of "I" statements, reframing), in session exercises, such as role-playing and sculpting, and games (rescue game, lethal game, communication game), and homework assignments. 2 ``'  .*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  <Constructs More interested in changing behaviors and patterns than in understanding them, more focus on technique than theory. Behavior in families is patterned and rule governed, often by the labels or interpretations placed on behavior. In families, hierarchy is crucial, and needs to be top-down and functional.2 2 `3`<  0*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  Family Functioning Decline to identify "normal" functioning in any absolute sense  if it is working for the family it is healthy, if not, it is dysfunctional ("Non-normative"). Generally, though, in healthy families, there are functional rules that govern behavior, but also flexibility to attempt different solutions to problems that the rules do not work for. @Z``bl  1*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  Families make misguided attempts to solve difficulties, when these fail they are termed "problems" and they repeat unsuccessful solutions, which makes the problem seem worse, an develops into a vicious circle. "Symptoms" are unsuccessful solutions. In unhealthy families, 0``  2*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*   Therapy Goals Strategic family therapy goals focus on the presenting problem, or symptom. The goals are to eliminate the symptomatic behaviors or patterns of interaction which are experienced as distressing or prevent successful completion of individual or family tasks and development. 2 ``   3*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  Also to develop alternative behaviors or solutions which facilitate accomplishment. Let go of utopian, broad sweeping goals. Once presenting problem is eliminated, therapy is concluded. 0``  4*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  Assessment Assessment is accomplished through observation and inquiry about actual behaviors between and among members of the family, and of the ways behaviors are defined, labeled and interpreted. 2  ``  5*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  {Three common types of unsuccessful solutions (symptoms) Solution is to deny that there is a problem; action is needed but not taken; Solution is an effort to solve something that is not really a problem; action is not needed but is taken; Solution is an effort to solve problem within a framework that makes it impossible for it to work; action is taken but at the wrong level.48ZD8`Db{  6*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  Interventions Approach to problems is to first identify the feedback loops that are maintaining the behaviors, then identify the frames (rules) that support these interactions, then change the rules. > ``  9*Strategic Family Therapy (Haley, Madanes)+Z+`*  ]Interventions are strategies that are planned and implemented by the therapist, using directives, which may be straightforward or indirect or paradoxical. Process is one of interrupting, even reversing, unsuccessful feedback loops. Specific interventions include prescribing the symptom, restraining, prescribing ordeals, pretending, and rituals. $]^`]  /=P ` f3Eh` ff` MMMwww` ff3f3>?" dd@,?nKd@  d @nK` d n?" dd 33ggPR    @ ` ` p>>    4 (  4T 1 4 "1 4 S BC1DEF ?Z B 0Z @1 4 S BB C DEF?rA r @\  4 S B+ C DEF?v*  v @  4 S BCIDEF??H\ @ I 4 Nlgֳgֳ ?"  X Click to edit Master title style!!  4 Z1 ?"``  f* 2b    4 Z1 ?"`   h*(2b    4 Z<1 ?"`   h*(2b  ^  4  f1 ?"   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S h 4 B޽h? ?"` f3Eh